The concept of ecosystem services has gained significant traction in environmental policy over the past two decades. These services, which include provisioning resources like food and water, regulating processes such as climate and flood control, and cultural benefits like recreation, are often undervalued in economic markets. This undervaluation stems from their public-good nature, leading to overexploitation and degradation. To address this, researchers have proposed payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes, where beneficiaries compensate providers for maintaining these services. However, critics argue that PES can commodify nature, potentially undermining intrinsic values and leading to unequal power dynamics. A balanced approach, integrating ecological, economic, and social perspectives, is essential for sustainable management.
❓ According to the passage, what is a primary reason for the undervaluation of ecosystem services?
A. A. They are difficult to quantify scientifically.
B. B. They are not recognized by environmental policies.
C. C. They possess characteristics of public goods.
D. D. They are only available in limited geographic areas.
✅ 正确答案
C. They possess characteristics of public goods.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first