The concept of 'environmental determinism,' which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, was influential in 19th-century geography. However, modern scholars have largely rejected this theory, arguing that it oversimplifies the complex interplay between nature and culture. Instead, they advocate for 'possibilism,' which acknowledges that while the environment imposes certain constraints, human agency and technological innovation can overcome many of these limitations. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences toward recognizing the adaptive capacity of human societies. For instance, societies in arid regions have developed sophisticated irrigation systems, demonstrating that environmental challenges can spur ingenuity rather than dictate outcomes. Thus, the environment is not a deterministic force but a dynamic context within which human choices unfold.
❓ Đoạn văn trình bày luận điểm chính là gì?
A. Chủ nghĩa quyết định môi trường vẫn là lý thuyết chủ đạo trong địa lý học hiện đại.
B. B) Môi trường hoàn toàn quyết định sự phát triển xã hội của con người.
C. C) Các xã hội loài người có thể thích ứng với các ràng buộc môi trường thông qua sự đổi mới.
D. D) Tiến bộ công nghệ không liên quan đến việc khắc phục các giới hạn về môi trường.
✅ 正确答案
C) Human societies can adapt to environmental constraints through innovation.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first