The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Proponents argue that climate and topography fundamentally shape human societies, influencing everything from agricultural practices to cultural values. However, critics contend that this perspective oversimplifies complex human-environment interactions, ignoring the capacity of technological innovation and social organization to overcome environmental constraints. Recent research in sustainability science suggests a more nuanced view: while environmental factors do impose certain limitations, human agency plays a critical role in adapting to and modifying these conditions. This shift toward 'possibilism' emphasizes that environments offer a range of possibilities, and human choices determine which are realized. Understanding this dynamic is essential for addressing contemporary challenges like climate change, where both environmental pressures and societal responses are intertwined.
❓ Какова основная аргументация данного отрывка?
A. A. Экологический детерминизм точно объясняет всё развитие человеческого общества.
B. B. Человеческие общества полностью независимы от влияния окружающей среды.
C. C. Сбалансированная точка зрения учитывает как экологические ограничения, так и способность человека к адаптации.
D. D. Технологические инновации могут полностью устранить экологические ограничения.
✅ 正确答案
C. A balanced perspective acknowledges both environmental constraints and human adaptability.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first