雅思阅读

📖 Reading Passage

The concept of 'environmental justice' emerged in the late 20th century as a response to the disproportionate burden of environmental hazards borne by marginalized communities. Scholars argue that such disparities are not accidental but result from systemic policies that prioritize economic growth over equitable protection. For instance, industrial facilities and waste disposal sites are often located in low-income neighborhoods, leading to higher rates of respiratory illnesses among residents. Proponents of environmental justice advocate for participatory decision-making, ensuring that affected communities have a voice in policy formulation. Critics, however, contend that the framework lacks clear legal enforcement mechanisms and may conflict with economic development goals. Despite these debates, the principle has influenced international agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, which acknowledges the varying capacities of nations to combat climate change. Ultimately, environmental justice challenges the assumption that environmental degradation is an unavoidable trade-off for progress, urging a reevaluation of how costs and benefits are distributed across society.