The concept of 'environmental carrying capacity' is central to ecological studies, yet its application to human populations remains contentious. Unlike non-human species, humans can modify their environment through technology, trade, and migration, thereby temporarily raising their carrying capacity. However, such modifications often entail hidden costs, such as resource depletion and pollution, which may undermine long-term sustainability. Recent research suggests that while technological innovation has historically postponed the limits to growth, it cannot indefinitely offset the finite nature of Earth's resources. This has led some scholars to advocate for a 'steady-state economy' that prioritizes qualitative development over quantitative expansion, arguing that perpetual economic growth is ecologically impossible. Critics, however, contend that such views underestimate human ingenuity and the potential for decoupling economic activity from environmental impact. The debate thus hinges on whether the planet's limits are absolute or can be continually stretched by human adaptation.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main point of contention regarding environmental carrying capacity in human populations?
A. A. Whether technology can completely replace natural resources
B. B. Whether Earth's resource limits are fixed or can be extended by human innovation
C. C. Whether a steady-state economy is more equitable than a growth-based economy
D. D. Whether pollution is a greater threat than resource depletion
✅ 正确答案
B. Whether Earth's resource limits are fixed or can be extended by human innovation
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first