雅思阅读

📖 Reading Passage

The concept of 'environmental determinism' posits that human behavior and societal development are fundamentally shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. This theory, popular in the 19th century, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions, with their abundant resources and harsh conditions, led to lethargy and stagnation. However, modern scholarship has largely rejected this deterministic framework, emphasizing instead the role of human agency, technological adaptation, and cultural exchange. Critics point to the success of civilizations in diverse environments, such as the Mayan cities in rainforests or the Inuit societies in the Arctic, as evidence that environmental constraints do not dictate cultural outcomes. Rather, they argue, societies develop complex strategies to overcome or exploit their surroundings, and historical trajectories are better explained by social, political, and economic factors than by geography alone.