The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic conditions and physical geography. However, this view was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural interactions and for justifying colonialism. Modern scholars advocate a more nuanced approach, recognizing that while environment influences human activities, technological innovation and social structures can mediate or even override these constraints. For instance, the Netherlands, despite its cold, damp climate and limited arable land, became a leading agricultural exporter through advanced greenhouse technology and trade networks. Thus, contemporary geography emphasizes the bidirectional relationship between humans and their environment, where adaptation and modification occur simultaneously.
❓ What is the main point the author makes about the relationship between environment and human society?
A. A) Environment completely determines societal development.
B. B) Human society is entirely independent of environmental influences.
C. C) Environment influences society, but human innovation can mitigate its effects.
D. D) Colonialism was justified by environmental factors.
✅ 正确答案
C) Environment influences society, but human innovation can mitigate its effects.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first