The concept of 'environmental justice' has evolved significantly since its emergence in the 1980s, when it was primarily associated with the disproportionate siting of hazardous waste facilities in low-income communities of color in the United States. Over time, scholars have broadened the term to encompass a global perspective, addressing not only the distribution of environmental burdens but also the unequal access to environmental benefits, such as clean air, water, and green spaces. This expansion has been accompanied by a methodological shift from purely quantitative risk assessments to more participatory approaches that incorporate local knowledge and community concerns. Critics, however, argue that such participatory frameworks can be co-opted by powerful interests, leading to 'tokenism' rather than genuine empowerment. Thus, while environmental justice has become a central tenet of sustainability discourse, its practical implementation remains contested, particularly in developing nations where regulatory frameworks are weaker and economic pressures often overshadow ecological considerations.
❓ Theo đoạn văn, sự phát triển của công lý môi trường đã bao gồm những chuyển dịch nào sau đây?
A. Sự chuyển dịch từ trọng tâm quốc gia về việc bố trí bãi chôn lấp chất thải sang mối quan tâm toàn cầu đối với cả gánh nặng và lợi ích
B. Sự chuyển dịch từ các phương pháp có sự tham gia sang các đánh giá rủi ro thuần túy định lượng
C. Sự chuyển dịch từ diễn ngôn về phát triển bền vững sang tập trung vào tăng trưởng kinh tế
D. Sự chuyển dịch từ các quốc gia đang phát triển sang các nước công nghiệp hóa làm bối cảnh chính
✅ 正确答案
A shift from a national focus on waste siting to a global concern with both burdens and benefits
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first