The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early theorists argued that human societies are largely shaped by their physical environment, such as climate and topography. However, this view was criticized for oversimplifying the complex interplay between culture and nature. Recent research suggests that while environmental factors can constrain certain activities, human innovation and social organization often overcome these limitations. For instance, the development of air conditioning enabled rapid urbanization in hot regions, which were once considered uninhabitable. Thus, modern geography emphasizes 'possibilism', where the environment offers opportunities rather than dictates outcomes, and human agency plays a pivotal role in shaping societal trajectories.
❓ Согласно тексту, в чем заключается основной сдвиг в географическом мышлении относительно окружающей среды?
A. A. Окружающая среда полностью определяет человеческое общество.
B. B. Окружающая среда ограничивает человеческую деятельность, без исключений.
C. C. Окружающая среда предоставляет возможности, и человеческая деятельность имеет решающее значение.
D. D. Изменение климата сделало экологический детерминизм более актуальным.
✅ 正确答案
C. The environment provides possibilities, and human agency is crucial.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first