The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early theorists argued that climate and terrain directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, modern scholars criticize this view for oversimplifying the complex interplay between nature and culture. Instead, they propose 'possibilism', which suggests that the environment offers a range of possibilities, and human choices, driven by cultural and technological factors, ultimately determine outcomes. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences toward acknowledging human agency. Yet, even possibilism has limits, as extreme environmental events, such as droughts or floods, can severely constrain options, regardless of technological advancements. Thus, the relationship between environment and society remains a dynamic and contested field, requiring nuanced analysis rather than deterministic frameworks.
❓ Según el pasaje, ¿cuál es una limitación clave del 'posibilismo'?
A. Ignora el papel de la cultura en la toma de decisiones.
B. No tiene en cuenta las restricciones ambientales extremas.
C. Enfatiza demasiado el progreso tecnológico.
D. Rechaza la influencia del clima en la sociedad.
✅ 正确答案
It fails to account for extreme environmental constraints.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first