The concept of 'environmental determinism' posits that human activities and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions. This theory gained prominence in the early 20th century but was later criticized for oversimplifying the complex interplay between nature and culture. Critics argue that technological advancements and globalization have diminished the direct influence of the environment, allowing societies to adapt and thrive in diverse settings. However, recent studies on climate change have revived interest in environmental constraints, suggesting that while humans can modify their surroundings, the limits imposed by natural systems remain significant. Thus, the relationship between environment and society is not one-way but dynamic and reciprocal, requiring a nuanced understanding that goes beyond simplistic causality.
❓ What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Environmental determinism accurately explains all societal development.
B. The relationship between environment and society is complex and bidirectional.
C. Technology has completely eliminated environmental constraints on human societies.
D. Climate change has proven that environmental determinism is correct.
✅ 正确答案
The relationship between environment and society is complex and bidirectional.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first