The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely dictated by climatic conditions and geographical features. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex human-environment interactions and for justifying colonialism. Modern scholars advocate for 'possibilism', which suggests that while the environment offers a range of possibilities, human agency and cultural choices ultimately shape outcomes. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences towards acknowledging the interplay between structural constraints and human creativity. Recent studies in sustainability further emphasize that environmental challenges are not merely physical but are deeply intertwined with political and economic systems. Thus, understanding resilience requires an interdisciplinary approach that bridges natural and social sciences.
❓ 본문에서 설명하는 주요 변화는 무엇인가?
A. A) 지리학적 사고에 있어 환경 결정론에서 가능론으로.
B. B) 식민주의에서 현대 지속가능성 연구로.
C. C) 물리적 지리학에서 정치학까지.
D. D) 연구에 있어 인간의 주체성에서 환경적 제약으로.
✅ 正确答案
A) From environmental determinism to possibilism in geographical thought.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first