The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a contentious issue in geography. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that climate and topography directly shaped human civilization, positing that temperate zones fostered advanced societies while tropical regions hindered development. However, this perspective was heavily criticized in the 20th century for its Eurocentric bias and oversimplification of complex cultural dynamics. Contemporary scholars instead advocate for 'possibilism,' which suggests that while the environment imposes constraints, human agency and technological innovation play a pivotal role in overcoming these limitations. This shift reflects a broader trend in academia towards recognizing the interplay between natural and social factors, rather than attributing causality to a single variable.
❓ 环境决定论后来被学者们否定的主要原因是什么？
A. A) 它忽视了气候在塑造社会中的作用。
B. B) 它基于有限的地理数据。
C. C) 它未能考虑到人类的创造力和文化的复杂性。
D. D) 它仅适用于热带地区。
✅ 正确答案
C) It failed to account for human creativity and cultural complexity.