The concept of 'environmental determinism,' which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, has been a subject of intense debate among geographers. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions lagged due to heat-induced lethargy. However, this view was criticized for its ethnocentric bias and lack of empirical rigor. Modern scholarship emphasizes the role of human agency and technological adaptation, suggesting that environmental factors are merely one variable in a complex interplay of cultural, historical, and economic forces. For instance, the success of Singapore, a tropical nation, in achieving high economic development challenges deterministic assumptions. Thus, while environment can constrain or enable certain options, it does not dictate outcomes.
❓ Какой основной аргумент представлен в отрывке относительно экологического детерминизма?
A. A. Экологические факторы являются основными детерминантами успеха общества.
B. B. Теория экологического детерминизма была полностью дискредитирована и больше не актуальна.
C. C. Человеческая деятельность и адаптация могут преодолевать экологические ограничения, что делает детерминизм чрезмерно упрощённым.
D. D. Тропический климат сам по себе препятствует экономическому развитию из-за жары.
✅ 正确答案
C. Human agency and adaptation can overcome environmental constraints, making determinism overly simplistic.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first