The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate among geographers. This theory posits that the physical environment, particularly climate and topography, directly shapes human behavior, cultural development, and societal structures. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions were associated with perceived lethargy. However, modern scholarship largely rejects this deterministic view, emphasizing instead the role of human agency, technology, and historical contingency. Critics point out that environmental factors merely set constraints and possibilities, not absolute outcomes. For instance, the rise of civilizations in diverse climates, from the Andes to the Sahara, demonstrates that human ingenuity can overcome environmental challenges. Thus, while the environment is an influential variable, it is not the sole determinant of societal progress.
❓ What is the main argument of modern scholars regarding environmental determinism, as presented in the passage?
A. A) The physical environment is the primary factor shaping human societies.
B. B) Human agency and technology can override environmental constraints entirely.
C. C) Environmental factors set limits but do not dictate societal outcomes.
D. D) Tropical climates inevitably lead to less developed cultures.
✅ 正确答案
C) Environmental factors set limits but do not dictate societal outcomes.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first