The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geographical scholarship. Early proponents argued that human societies were largely shaped by climatic conditions, with temperate zones fostering advanced civilizations while tropical regions supposedly hindered development. However, this perspective was criticized for its simplistic assumptions and potential to justify colonialism. Modern geographers instead emphasize 'possibilism', which acknowledges environmental constraints but highlights human agency and technological innovation in overcoming them. For instance, the Netherlands has thrived despite its low-lying terrain through sophisticated water management systems. This shift reflects a broader trend in academia toward recognizing the complex interplay between nature and culture, rejecting deterministic narratives in favor of more nuanced analyses.
❓ What is the main idea of the passage?
A. A. Environmental determinism is still widely accepted in modern geography.
B. B. The Netherlands serves as an example of environmental determinism.
C. C. Geographical thought has evolved from environmental determinism to possibilism.
D. D. Climate is the primary factor in shaping human societies.
✅ 正确答案
C. Geographical thought has evolved from environmental determinism to possibilism.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first