The concept of 'environmental justice' emerged in the late 20th century, primarily as a response to the disproportionate placement of hazardous waste facilities in low-income and minority communities. Scholars argue that such siting decisions often reflect systemic inequalities, where marginalized groups lack the political and economic power to resist. Proponents of environmental justice advocate for equitable distribution of environmental burdens and benefits, as well as meaningful public participation in environmental policy-making. However, critics contend that the framework is too focused on distributional outcomes, neglecting broader structural issues such as capitalism and historical colonialism. Despite this debate, environmental justice has influenced international agreements, including the 1992 Rio Declaration, which emphasizes the right to a healthy environment for all. Thus, it remains a dynamic and contested concept, shaping both grassroots activism and academic discourse.