The concept of 'environmental determinism' posits that the physical environment, particularly climate and geography, fundamentally shapes human societies and their development. While this theory gained prominence in the early 20th century, it has been largely discredited by modern scholars who argue that it oversimplifies the complex interplay between nature and culture. Critics point to examples where similar environmental conditions have produced vastly different social outcomes, and where technological innovation has allowed societies to transcend environmental constraints. However, a nuanced version of this idea, known as 'possibilism', acknowledges that the environment sets certain limits but does not dictate human choices. This perspective emphasizes human agency and cultural adaptation, suggesting that environments offer opportunities rather than imperatives. Understanding this evolution is crucial for contemporary debates on climate change, as it cautions against both environmental fatalism and technological hubris.
❓ What is the main criticism of traditional environmental determinism mentioned in the passage?
A. It ignores the role of technology entirely.
B. It oversimplifies the relationship between environment and society.
C. It only applies to early 20th century societies.
D. It denies the influence of climate on human development.
✅ 正确答案
It oversimplifies the relationship between environment and society.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
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