The concept of 'environmental determinism' posits that human cultural and societal development is largely shaped by geographical and climatic conditions. This theory, popular in the 19th century, argued that temperate climates fostered industriousness and innovation, while tropical regions, with their abundant resources and harsh heat, led to more leisurely lifestyles. However, modern scholarship has largely rejected this deterministic view, emphasizing instead the role of human agency, technological advancement, and cultural exchange. Critics point out that environmental determinism oversimplifies complex historical processes and often served to justify colonialism and racial hierarchies. Today, researchers advocate for a more nuanced 'possibilism' approach, where the environment offers constraints and opportunities, but human choices and social structures ultimately determine outcomes. This shift reflects a broader academic trend towards acknowledging the interplay between nature and culture, rather than assigning causal primacy to one over the other.
❓ Theo đoạn văn, lý do chính khiến các học giả hiện đại bác bỏ thuyết quyết định môi trường là gì?
A. A) Nó quá nhấn mạnh vai trò của hành động con người trong sự phát triển xã hội.
B. B) Nó không tính đến những tiến bộ công nghệ và sự giao lưu văn hóa.
C. C) Nó giả định sai rằng khí hậu nhiệt đới dẫn đến sự cần cù.
D. D) Nó được sử dụng để ủng hộ các hệ tư tưởng thực dân và các thứ bậc chủng tộc.
✅ 正确答案
B) It fails to account for technological advancements and cultural exchange.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first