The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate among geographers. This theory posits that the physical environment, particularly climate and topography, directly shapes human behavior and societal development. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that temperate climates fostered higher levels of civilization, while tropical regions were seen as less conducive to technological progress. However, this perspective has been heavily criticized for its reductionism and implicit biases. Modern scholarship emphasizes the role of human agency and cultural adaptation, suggesting that environmental factors are but one of many variables influencing social outcomes. Moreover, the rise of globalization has demonstrated that societies can overcome geographical constraints through trade and innovation, further undermining deterministic claims. Nevertheless, the environment undeniably imposes certain limits, such as in the availability of natural resources, which continue to influence economic strategies and geopolitical dynamics.
❓ What is the main argument presented against environmental determinism in the passage?
A. A) The environment has no influence on human societies.
B. B) Human agency and cultural adaptation are also significant, and globalization shows societies can overcome geographical limits.
C. C) Temperate climates are indeed superior for civilization.
D. D) Natural resources are the only factor that matters in economic development.
✅ 正确答案
B) Human agency and cultural adaptation are also significant, and globalization shows societies can overcome geographical limits.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first