The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a contentious issue in geographic thought. Early proponents, such as Ellen Churchill Semple, argued that human activities and societal development were largely shaped by climatic and topographical conditions. However, this perspective was heavily criticized for oversimplifying the complex interplay between culture and nature. Modern geographers, like Jared Diamond, have revived interest in the topic but with a more nuanced approach, suggesting that environmental factors can influence, though not strictly determine, the trajectory of civilizations. Diamond emphasizes that while geography can set the stage, human innovation and historical contingencies play equally crucial roles. This revised framework acknowledges the environment's significant, yet non-absolute, impact, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary analysis that integrates ecological, social, and historical data.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main difference between early environmental determinism and the modern approach exemplified by Jared Diamond?
A. A. The modern approach completely rejects any influence of the environment on human societies.
B. B. The modern approach views environmental factors as influential but not the sole determinants of societal development.
C. C. Early determinism focused only on climate, while the modern approach also considers topography.
D. D. The modern approach argues that human innovation is irrelevant compared to environmental forces.
✅ 正确答案
B. The modern approach views environmental factors as influential but not the sole determinants of societal development.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first