The concept of sustainable urban development has evolved significantly over the past decade, shifting from a purely environmental focus to a more integrated approach that encompasses social equity and economic viability. Recent studies indicate that cities adopting green infrastructure, such as permeable pavements and urban forests, not only mitigate flood risks but also enhance residents' mental well-being. However, critics argue that without inclusive governance, these initiatives may inadvertently exacerbate gentrification, displacing low-income communities. Therefore, scholars emphasize the need for participatory planning processes that involve local stakeholders in decision-making. This ensures that sustainability projects address the needs of all citizens, rather than merely benefiting affluent areas. Ultimately, the success of sustainable cities hinges on balancing ecological goals with social justice, a challenge that requires interdisciplinary collaboration and long-term policy commitment.