The concept of cognitive load, introduced by John Sweller in the 1980s, has become a cornerstone of instructional design. Cognitive load theory posits that working memory has a limited capacity, and learning is hindered when this capacity is exceeded. Sweller distinguished between intrinsic load, which is inherent to the complexity of the material, and extraneous load, which is imposed by the manner in which information is presented. Effective instructional materials aim to minimize extraneous load while managing intrinsic load through techniques such as segmenting complex tasks and using worked examples. Recent research has extended this framework to multimedia learning, suggesting that the integration of visual and auditory information can reduce cognitive load if designed coherently, but may increase it if redundant or conflicting. Thus, understanding cognitive load is crucial for educators seeking to optimize learning outcomes in increasingly digital environments.
❓ Согласно тексту, какой из следующих факторов является ключевым для снижения избыточной когнитивной нагрузки?
A. Усложнение материала для стимулирования учащихся
B. Представление информации таким образом, чтобы не перегружать рабочую память
C. Одновременное использование нескольких источников избыточной информации
D. Сосредоточение исключительно на внутренней нагрузке без учета презентации
✅ 正确答案
Presenting information in a way that does not overload working memory
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first