The concept of 'environmental determinism,' which posits that human behavior and social development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, has been largely discredited in modern geography. Critics argue that it oversimplifies the complex interplay between culture, technology, and environment. However, a nuanced perspective, known as 'possibilism,' acknowledges that while the environment sets certain constraints, human agency and innovation can overcome many of these limitations. For instance, societies in arid regions have developed sophisticated irrigation techniques, demonstrating that environmental challenges do not dictate a single path of development. This debate highlights the ongoing tension between viewing the environment as a passive backdrop or as an active agent in human affairs. Contemporary research increasingly favors a middle ground, recognizing both the influence of environmental factors and the transformative capacity of human societies.
❓ What is the main argument regarding the relationship between environment and human society in the passage?
A. A) Environmental determinism is fully supported by modern geographical research.
B. B) The environment strictly dictates the development path of a society.
C. C) Human societies can completely disregard environmental constraints.
D. D) There is a complex interaction where environment imposes limits but humans can adapt.
✅ 正确答案
D) There is a complex interaction where environment imposes limits but humans can adapt.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first