The concept of 'cognitive load' refers to the total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory. In educational psychology, cognitive load theory suggests that learning is most effective when instructional materials are designed to minimize unnecessary cognitive load, thereby freeing resources for schema acquisition. However, recent research has challenged the assumption that reducing cognitive load always enhances learning. For instance, a study by Kalyuga and colleagues found that for learners with high prior knowledge, certain forms of guidance (such as worked examples) can actually create a 'expertise reversal effect', where the guidance becomes redundant and interferes with performance. This indicates that optimal instructional design is not universal but depends on the learner's level of expertise. Consequently, adaptive learning environments that adjust the level of scaffolding based on individual progress may be more effective than static materials.
❓ Theo đoạn văn, phát hiện chính của nghiên cứu do Kalyuga và các đồng nghiệp thực hiện là gì?
A. A) Giảm tải nhận thức luôn cải thiện kết quả học tập.
B. B) Các ví dụ minh họa có lợi cho tất cả người học, bất kể kiến thức nền tảng trước đó.
C. C) Hướng dẫn giúp ích cho người mới có thể cản trở chuyên gia do hiệu ứng đảo ngược chuyên môn.
D. D) Môi trường học tập thích ứng kém hiệu quả hơn so với tài liệu tĩnh.
✅ 正确答案
C) Guidance that helps novices may hinder experts due to the expertise reversal effect.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first