The concept of 'planned obsolescence' has been a subject of intense debate among economists and environmentalists. This practice, whereby products are deliberately designed to have a limited lifespan, aims to stimulate consumption by encouraging frequent replacements. Proponents argue that it drives technological innovation and economic growth, as consumers continually upgrade to newer models. However, critics contend that this approach leads to significant environmental degradation, as the rapid turnover of goods escalates electronic waste and resource depletion. Moreover, they suggest that the psychological impact on consumers, who are trapped in a cycle of perpetual dissatisfaction, undermines the purported benefits of constant novelty. Recent studies have begun to explore alternative models, such as circular economies, which prioritize durability and repairability, potentially offering a more sustainable path forward. This shift, while challenging, reflects a growing awareness of the long-term consequences of our consumption patterns.
❓ According to the passage, what is a major criticism of planned obsolescence?
A. It prevents technological innovation.
B. It causes environmental harm through increased waste.
C. It reduces consumer satisfaction in the short term.
D. It leads to higher prices for consumers.
✅ 正确答案
It causes environmental harm through increased waste.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first