雅思阅读

📖 Reading Passage

The concept of 'social capital' has gained significant traction in sociological discourse, referring to the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. Unlike physical capital (tools, machinery) or human capital (skills, education), social capital is embedded in the structure of social relations. Researchers like Robert Putnam argue that a decline in social capital, evidenced by reduced civic engagement and trust, can lead to a breakdown in democratic governance and community well-being. However, critics contend that social capital can also have negative externalities, such as excluding outsiders or reinforcing existing power hierarchies. Thus, while social capital is often viewed as a positive force for collective action and economic development, its dual nature requires careful contextual analysis.