The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early theorists argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic conditions and physical geography. However, this perspective lost favor in the twentieth century due to its deterministic implications and lack of empirical support. Contemporary scholars instead advocate for 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment offers a range of possibilities, human agency and cultural choices ultimately determine outcomes. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences towards acknowledging human adaptability and technological innovation. Recent studies in climate resilience further emphasize that communities can thrive in challenging environments through adaptive strategies, challenging simplistic environmental explanations.
❓ 지문에 따르면, 환경 결정론이 거부된 주요 이유는 무엇인가?
A. A. 그것은 과학적으로 시험하기에는 너무 복잡했다.
B. B. 그것은 지나치게 경직된 것으로 여겨졌으며 경험적 증거가 부족했다.
C. C. 그것은 인간의 문화적 선택에 너무 많은 초점을 맞추었다.
D. D. 그것은 환경적 한계를 강조하는 이론으로 대체되었다.
✅ 正确答案
B. It was seen as overly rigid and lacked empirical evidence.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first