The concept of 'environmental justice' emerged in the 1980s, primarily within the United States, as a response to the disproportionate placement of hazardous waste facilities in low-income and minority communities. Scholars argue that such siting practices reflect systemic inequalities, where marginalized groups bear a greater burden of environmental risks while benefiting less from the economic activities that generate those risks. This framework has since expanded globally, encompassing issues such as climate change impacts on developing nations and the transboundary movement of toxic waste. A key tenet of environmental justice is the demand for equitable participation in environmental decision-making processes, ensuring that affected communities have a voice in policies that shape their surroundings. Critics, however, contend that the concept remains too vague for practical implementation, lacking clear metrics for measuring equity or defining the scope of 'community'.
❓ According to the passage, which of the following is a primary concern that led to the emergence of environmental justice?
A. The unequal distribution of environmental hazards among different social groups
B. The lack of scientific research on hazardous waste disposal
C. The economic inefficiency of environmental regulations
D. The global expansion of industrial activities
✅ 正确答案
The unequal distribution of environmental hazards among different social groups
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first