The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely dictated by climatic conditions and geographical features. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex cultural interactions and ignoring human agency. Modern scholarship, while acknowledging the influence of the environment, emphasizes a more nuanced relationship. Researchers now propose that environments offer a range of possibilities, but human innovation and historical contingencies shape outcomes. For instance, similar river valleys in different continents gave rise to distinct civilizations due to varying social structures and technological choices. Thus, the contemporary view rejects a unidirectional causality, advocating instead for a reciprocal model where humans both adapt to and modify their surroundings, leading to a dynamic co-evolution.
❓ 지문에 따르면, 초기 환경 결정론과 현대적 관점 사이의 주요 차이점은 무엇인가?
A. 초기의 결정론은 기후를 무시했지만, 현대 학자들은 기후에 주목한다.
B. B. 초기 결정론은 환경을 유일한 요인으로 보았으나, 현대 학자들은 이를 많은 영향 요인 중 하나로 본다.
C. C. 현대 학자들은 인간 사회에 대한 어떠한 환경적 영향도 거부한다.
D. D. 두 관점 모두 문화를 형성하는 데 있어 인간의 주체성을 동등하게 강조한다.
✅ 正确答案
B. Early determinism saw environment as the sole factor, while modern scholars see it as one of many influences.
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