The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early theorists argued that human behavior and societal development were largely dictated by climatic and geographical conditions. However, this perspective was criticized for oversimplifying complex human-environment interactions and for justifying colonial narratives. Modern scholarship emphasizes 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment sets certain constraints, human agency and technological innovation play a crucial role in shaping outcomes. For instance, the Netherlands, despite its low-lying geography, has successfully managed water through advanced engineering, demonstrating that environmental challenges can be mitigated. Thus, contemporary geography views the relationship as reciprocal, where humans both adapt to and modify their environment, leading to dynamic and multifaceted outcomes.
❓ What is the main argument of modern scholars regarding the environment and human society, as described in the passage?
A. A. The environment solely determines societal development.
B. B. Human agency is irrelevant when environmental constraints are severe.
C. C. The environment provides limitations, but human actions and technology can overcome or modify them.
D. D. Geographical conditions have no impact on human activities.
✅ 正确答案
C. The environment provides limitations, but human actions and technology can overcome or modify them.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first