The concept of 'environmental determinism,' which posits that human behavior and societal development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, gained prominence in the early 20th century. However, this theory was later criticized for oversimplifying the complex interplay between nature and culture. Scholars such as Carl Sauer argued that human agency and technological innovation could significantly modify environmental constraints, leading to a more nuanced perspective known as 'possibilism.' Possibilism suggests that the environment offers a range of possibilities, and human choices, guided by cultural and historical contexts, determine which possibilities are realized. This shift in thinking underscored the importance of considering both environmental factors and human creativity in understanding societal evolution.
❓ 본문에 따르면, 환경 결정론의 주요 한계는 무엇인가?
A. 기후가 사회를 형성하는 역할을 무시한다.
B. 그것은 환경이 인간 사회에 미치는 영향을 과장한다.
C. 기술 발전을 환경적 요인으로 인식하지 못한다.
D. 그것은 인간의 주체성이라는 개념을 완전히 거부한다.
✅ 正确答案
It overstates the influence of the environment on human societies.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first