The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic conditions and geographical features. However, this perspective faced criticism for oversimplifying complex cultural interactions and ignoring the role of human agency. Recent research emphasizes a more nuanced view, suggesting that while environment can influence certain aspects of life, technological innovation and social structures often mediate these effects. For instance, societies in similar climates have developed vastly different economic systems, indicating that environmental factors are not deterministic but rather one of many variables in human progress.
❓ この文章によると、初期の環境決定論の主な欠陥は何ですか？
A. それは技術の役割を過度に強調していた。
B. それは、気候が社会に与える影響を無視していた。
C. それは人間の主体性と文化的複雑性を考慮に入れることができなかった。
D. それは特定の地理的地域にのみ適用された。
✅ 正确答案
It failed to account for human agency and cultural complexity.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first