The concept of 'environmental determinism,' which posits that human activity and social development are largely shaped by climatic and geographical conditions, dominated geographical thought in the early twentieth century. However, this perspective was later criticized for its oversimplification, as it failed to account for the significant role of technological innovation and cultural adaptation. For instance, societies in similar climates have developed vastly different economic structures, suggesting that environmental factors are but one variable in a complex equation. Modern scholars advocate for 'possibilism,' arguing that the environment offers a set of constraints and opportunities, but human agency ultimately determines the outcome. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences towards recognizing the interplay between natural and human systems, rather than relying on unidirectional causation.
❓ 본문에 따르면, 환경 결정론에 대한 주요 비판은 무엇인가?
A. 기후가 사회를 형성하는 역할을 무시한다.
B. 기술 혁신을 지나치게 강조한다.
C. 그것은 인간의 창의성과 적응력을 고려하지 못한다.
D. 이는 오직 20세기 초반의 사회에만 적용된다.
✅ 正确答案
It fails to consider human creativity and adaptation.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first