The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that climate and topography directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, modern scholars reject this simplistic causality, noting that technological advancements and cultural exchanges allow societies to adapt to diverse environments. For instance, the Inuit of the Arctic developed sophisticated hunting techniques, while desert dwellers engineered irrigation systems. Critics contend that environmental factors merely set constraints, not imperatives, and that human agency plays a pivotal role. This nuanced perspective acknowledges that while geography influences possibilities, it does not dictate outcomes. Thus, the relationship between environment and society is dynamic, involving continuous negotiation rather than one-way causation.
❓ Каков основной аргумент современных учёных относительно экологического детерминизма?
A. A) География напрямую определяет развитие общества.
B. B) Экологические факторы накладывают жёсткие ограничения, которые невозможно преодолеть.
C. C) Люди могут полностью преодолеть ограничения окружающей среды с помощью технологий.
D. D) Окружающая среда создаёт основу, но человеческий выбор и культура опосредуют её влияние.
✅ 正确答案
D) Environment provides a framework, but human choices and culture mediate its impact.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first