The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been a subject of debate among geographers. Early proponents, such as Ellsworth Huntington, argued that climate and topography directly shape human behavior and societal development. However, this view was heavily criticized in the 20th century for oversimplifying complex cultural interactions and for its potential to justify colonialism. Modern scholarship instead favors 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment imposes constraints, it does not dictate outcomes; human agency and technological innovation play pivotal roles. This shift reflects a broader trend in social sciences toward recognizing the interplay between natural conditions and human choices, rather than attributing causality to a single factor.
❓ 环境决定论转向可能论的主要原因是什么？
A. A. 发现气候变化对人类社会发展没有影响。
B. B. 认识到仅凭环境因素无法解释社会的复杂性。
C. C. 拒绝承认所有环境对文化的影响。
D. D. 消除了环境限制的技术进步。
✅ 正确答案
B. The recognition that environmental factors alone cannot explain societal complexity.