The concept of 'environmental determinism' has long been debated in geography. Early proponents argued that human behavior and societal development were largely shaped by climatic conditions and geographical features. However, this theory was criticized for oversimplifying complex human-environment interactions and for justifying colonial expansion. Contemporary research instead emphasizes 'possibilism', which posits that while the environment offers a set of constraints, human agency and technological innovation can overcome many natural limitations. A key case study is the Netherlands, where extensive polder systems and dikes have transformed flood-prone lowlands into productive agricultural land, demonstrating that environmental challenges can be mitigated through collective engineering and planning. Yet, possibilism does not imply unlimited control; recent climate change impacts remind us that even advanced societies remain vulnerable to extreme environmental events. Thus, the relationship between humans and their environment is best understood as a dynamic, reciprocal process rather than a one-way causal link.
❓ What is the main argument presented in the passage?
A. A. Environmental determinism accurately explains societal development.
B. B. Humans have complete control over their environment.
C. C. The environment and humans influence each other in a complex, dynamic way.
D. D. Climate change is the primary factor limiting human progress.
✅ 正确答案
C. The environment and humans influence each other in a complex, dynamic way.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first