The concept of 'environmental cognition' refers to the mental processes by which individuals acquire, store, and interpret information about their surroundings. Recent studies in urban planning have demonstrated that the design of public spaces significantly influences these cognitive maps. For instance, the presence of clear landmarks and coherent pathways enhances wayfinding efficiency, while fragmented layouts often lead to spatial anxiety. Moreover, research indicates that exposure to natural elements within urban environments can improve cognitive function and reduce stress, suggesting a biophilic connection between humans and nature. However, critics argue that such findings are culturally biased, as most experiments are conducted in Western societies with specific architectural traditions. They advocate for cross-cultural comparisons to validate universal claims about environmental perception. This debate underscores the complexity of studying human-environment interactions and the need for interdisciplinary approaches that merge psychology, geography, and design.