The concept of 'nudge theory,' popularized by behavioral economist Richard Thaler, posits that subtle changes in the way choices are presented can significantly influence individual decision-making without restricting freedom of choice. For instance, automatically enrolling employees in pension plans, while allowing them to opt out, dramatically increases participation rates compared to voluntary enrollment. Critics argue, however, that such paternalistic interventions may undermine personal autonomy by exploiting cognitive biases. Proponents counter that nudges are transparent and designed to align with individuals' long-term interests, such as saving for retirement. Empirical studies suggest that the effectiveness of nudges varies across cultural contexts, as social norms and trust in institutions modulate their impact. Thus, while nudges offer a cost-effective policy tool, their application requires careful ethical consideration and contextual adaptation.
❓ Según el pasaje, ¿cuál es una crítica principal a la teoría del empujón?
A. A. Restringe la libertad de elección de los individuos al eliminar las opciones de exclusión voluntaria.
B. B. Puede comprometer la autonomía personal al aprovecharse de los sesgos cognitivos.
C. C. Es ineficaz para aumentar las tasas de participación en los planes de pensión.
D. D. No tiene en cuenta las diferencias culturales en la toma de decisiones.
✅ 正确答案
B. It may compromise personal autonomy by taking advantage of cognitive biases.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first