The concept of 'environmental determinism' once dominated geographical thought, positing that human activities and social development are largely shaped by climatic and topographical conditions. However, this theory has been widely criticized for oversimplifying the complex interplay between nature and culture. Contemporary research emphasizes 'possibilism', which argues that while the environment sets certain constraints, human agency, technological innovation, and cultural values play a pivotal role in overcoming or adapting to these limitations. For instance, arid regions like the Middle East have thrived through advanced irrigation techniques, demonstrating that environmental challenges do not necessarily dictate societal outcomes. Thus, modern geography views the environment as a passive framework rather than an active agent, with human ingenuity acting as the primary driver of progress.
❓ According to the passage, what is the main difference between environmental determinism and possibilism?
A. A. Environmental determinism ignores technology, while possibilism rejects cultural influence.
B. B. Environmental determinism treats nature as the dominant factor, while possibilism highlights human capability.
C. C. Possibilism argues that environment has no influence on human society.
D. D. Environmental determinism is a modern theory, while possibilism is outdated.
✅ 正确答案
B. Environmental determinism treats nature as the dominant factor, while possibilism highlights human capability.
IELTS Reading Tips
Skim the questions first, underline keywords, then locate in the passage
Watch for paraphrasing; correct answers are often reworded
Be wary of absolute statements (all, always, never) — usually wrong
Pay attention to content after transition words (however, but, yet)
Manage time: about 20 minutes per passage; skip difficult questions first