Good morning, everyone. Today, we're going to discuss the history of the coffeehouse in Europe. Contrary to popular belief, coffeehouses did not originate in Italy, but rather in the Ottoman Empire. They spread to Europe in the 17th century, first to Venice, then to London and Paris. In London, they were called 'penny universities' because for the price of a penny, one could buy a cup of coffee and engage in intellectual conversation. These establishments became hubs for political debate, business transactions, and even scientific discussions. Notably, the London Stock Exchange began as a coffeehouse. However, by the late 18th century, their popularity declined as tea became more fashionable.